Everything about Udmurt Language totally explained
Udmurt (удмурт кыл,
udmurt kyl) is a
Finno-Ugric language spoken by the
Udmurts, natives of the Russian constituent republic of
Udmurtia, where it's co-official with the
Russian language. It is closely related to the
Komi language, together with which it forms the group of
Permic languages. It is written in the
Cyrillic script with five additional characters. Linguistically, it's most closely related to
Komi and
Komi-Permyak.
Alphabet
The Udmurt alphabet is based on the Cyrillic alphabet:
| А а |
Б б |
В в |
Г г |
Д д |
Е е |
Ё ё |
Ж ж |
Ӝ ӝ |
З з |
| а |
бэ |
вэ |
гэ |
дэ |
е |
ё |
жэ |
ӝэ |
зэ |
| /a/ |
/b/ |
/v/ |
/g/ |
/d, d̡/ |
/e, ʲe, je/ |
/ʲo, jo/ |
/ʒ/ |
/dʒ/ |
/z/ |
| Ӟ ӟ |
И и |
Ӥ ӥ |
Й й |
К к |
Л л |
М м |
Н н |
О о |
Ö ö |
| ӟэ |
и |
и с точками |
и краткое |
ка |
эль |
эм |
эн |
о |
ö |
| /ʥ/ |
/ʲi, i/ |
/i/ |
/j, -ĭ/ |
/k/ |
/l, ʎ/ |
/m/ |
/n, ɲ/ |
/o/ |
/ʌ/ |
| П п |
Р р |
С с |
Т т |
У у |
Ф ф |
Х х |
¦ ц |
Ч ч |
| пэ |
эр |
эс |
тэ |
у |
эф |
ха |
цэ |
че |
| /p/ |
/r/ |
/s, s̡/ |
/t, t̡/ |
/u/ |
/f/ |
/x/ |
/ts/ |
/ʨ/ |
| Ӵ ӵ |
Ш ш |
Щ щ |
Ъ ъ |
Ы ы |
Ь ь |
Э э |
Ю ю |
Я я |
| ӵэ |
ша |
ща |
твёрдый знак |
ы |
мягкий знак |
э |
ю |
я |
| /ʧ/ |
/ʃ/ |
/ʆƫʆ/ |
/(j)/ |
/ɨ, ə~ɯ/ |
/ʲ/ |
/e/ |
/ʲu, ju/ |
/ʲa, ja/ |
Four of these characters (
Ӝ/ӝ,
Ӟ/ӟ,
Ӥ/ӥ,
Ӵ/ӵ) are unique to the Udmurt alphabet.
Grammar
Udmurt is an
agglutinating language. It uses
affixes to explain possession, to specify the mode, the time, and so on.
There is no grammatical gender. The language doesn't distinguish between long and short vowels, and doesn't have
vowel harmony.
Nouns
Specific noun types have no distinguishable formats; some words even belong to three categories:
čilkit means
clean, cleanness and
clearly as well. There are 15 cases in the language. In the singular first, second, and third person, the ordinary possessive declining suffixes,
-e, -ed, -ez sometimes change to
-i, -id, -iz, especially in non-loanwords, such as
kii (
ki + i, my hand),
kiid (
ki + id, your (sing.) hand) and
ki'iz (
ki + iz, her/his hand).
The possessive suffix in the singular third person also acts as a definite article:
Udmurt kil-iz č´eber. (
the Udmurt language is nice - literally the Udmurt's language is nice.) An affirmative plural adjective gets the
-eś suffix:
toljos kuźeś (
the winters are cold).
Verbs
In Udmurt, there are three modes. In indicative, there are four tenses: present, future,
præteritum (the speaker personally observed the past event) and perfectum (the speaker not observed personally the past event). The last two have distinguishable suffixes:
-i-/-a- and
-em/-m.
Syntax
The language has free word order.
The
copular verb (
vań, -
to be) is omitted if the sentence is in the present tense:
tunne kiče nunal? (
What day is it today?) If the sentence expresses possession, the
vań can be part of the predicate:
ti palan ńulesjos vań-a? (
At you (plur.), are there forests?)
Lexicon
Based on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon are
loanwords. Many loanwords are from the
Tatar language, as well as phonetics, the syntax and so on. Words related to technology, science and politics have been being borrowed from
Russian.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Udmurt Language'.
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